【本课内容】从本课开始,我会分四段和大家一起分享一个经典“童话故事“丝绒兔子(Velveteen Rabbit)”。 “童话”之所以带了引号,是因为英语 Fairy Tales 并不总是“童话”;其次,我之所以说这是写给成人的童话,是因为这个故事所涉及的“real”的概念,在中文里的翻译为“真实的,实际存在的”是不准确的。什么是 “real”在英语语境是还是一个近乎哲学的话题(英语有一种哲学分支叫做realism)。如果我们不明白“real” (我暂且翻成“真的”)和“true”(我暂且翻译成 “真实的”)的不同点,我们成人就可能无法理解“丝绒兔子”的故事含义。
在这四段故事中,大家会听到英国/美国作家Margery William (1881-1944)的原文故事《Velveteen Rabbit》,刘博士重译的中文译文,以及这个故事的英语音频。这是给我们成人听、成人读的故事,因为我们多数人在儿童时期没有听过或是读过完整的故事。
【刘博士英语小知识】 fairy tale 不只是童话。
中文童话,顾名思义就是“儿童说的话”,或是“说给儿童的话”。无论《现代汉语词典》还是《辞海》均将其定义为“儿童文学的一种体裁,”“通过想象幻想和夸张来塑造人物形象网上课程英语成人,反映生活。”在中文中,“儿童”是故事的核心和核心受众。
在今天的牛津词典中,fairy tale 的定义为,1):有关魔法或是精灵的故事网上课程英语成人,通常是写给儿童的;2):一个并非是“真实”的故事。在英语中,其fairy tales 的核心是“精灵(fairy)”,儿童是此类故事的主要受众之一,但不是唯一听众。
中英文的词汇定义是有重合的,所以国内引进了许多,也创造出了许多经典童话。然而在实际给孩子选择和讲述童话的过程中,我们中国就也许会有这样的疑惑:王子和公主的爱情故事怎么能是童话故事呢?儿童不宜才对呀!这种矛盾在教育家给儿童挑选童话故事的时候尤其明显:《安徒生童话》真正给孩子讲的童话其实不多,许多安徒生童话甚至讲述的是人从小到老的故事,怎么处理?结果我们要么看到的是被改编了的“童话”故事,要么我们有些伟大的“童话”故事是永远看不到的:儿童时期不许看,长大了我们不屑看童话。
Fairy Tale和童话的定义出现这种错位,是因为中文的“童话”一词于上个世纪初和“儿童文学”一起创造出来的时候,我们的儿童文学是以“儿童”为主要阅读对象进行划分的。而世界上的“儿童文学”(Children’s Literature)作为一种文学艺术形式,是以“文学”作为重心内容划分依据的。因此,在西方文学中,会有一种文学是以儿童/儿童形象为主人公,但读者却是成人的文学内容,因为“每个成人的心都曾是一颗儿童的心”。正因如此,《爱丽丝漫游仙境》和《维尼小熊》这类书籍曾经是成人广泛阅读的书籍。
而fairy tale 作为西方的一种传统文学形式,虽然其中有很大一部分如今属于儿童文学的范畴,它的历史起源则早于儿童文学,属于民间传统神话传说的一部分。看过《纳尼亚传奇》和《指环王》的人们都会知道西方的“妖魔鬼怪”是多么的复杂(我会找个时间单独给大家介绍这些不同的神话形象,你会发现了解它们对欣赏一些西方文学是多么重要)。今天我重点介绍Fairy(精灵、小仙子)。Fairy (有时也写成Faerie, faery)作为一种极其特别的神话形象,在多数人类文明的传统中被描写成居住在地球上的,有神奇魔法的,并与人类紧密联系的一种生命存在。虽然fairy的历史起源可以追溯到希腊神话中的森林水仙/树仙,从中世纪的欧洲民间文学开始(以法国的大众文学Romance文学开始),fairy 被赋予了更加美好和善良的特质,有时还非常的调皮捣蛋。它们被典型地刻画成美丽或是英俊的小生物,身高与人类相仿或是更加小,并与人类活动紧密相连。他们有时还会和人类相爱,但是这样的爱情故事通常是悲剧的。他们通常还会把孩子带到“仙境之地(fairyland)。而且,fairy通常没有灵魂,他们死后就会完全消失不见。Fairy 的故事最普遍流传于爱尔兰、威尔士和苏格兰。我们国内最熟悉的一种fairy形象也许就是Elf 了(还记得指环王里的Elf 王子Legolas 和公主Galadriel吧),这是一种长寿的民族,它们姿态优雅、感觉敏锐,擅长艺术和工艺。他们长得与人相仿,但是更加苗条,五官有棱角。Elf通常有两类,一类是光明族(Light Elf),这一类Elf 希望与人类携手共同拯救地球,而另一类是黑暗族(dark Elf),这一类Elf 希望独自解决地球的问题,他们的解决方式之一就是铲除人类。
刘博士的中文译文《丝绒兔子》起到以下作用:
1)如果你只是想读中文,就当中文文学阅读吧。
2)如果你是基础英语学习者,你可以首先读一遍中文,然后再看英文原文,直到阅读英文译文可以直接理解为准。
3)如果你可以直接阅读原文,可以先从原文阅读开始。如果出现理解困难时,再参考译文,也可以向刘博士提问#刘博士英语学习法问答#。直到你可以完整阅读原文,无需参考中文就可以理解(这是阅读突破型学习法);
4)听读,边听音频边阅读,直到听力理解和阅读理解可以同步 (这是阅读+听力突破学习法);
5)跟读:一边听音频,一边看着英文原文跟读,直到你可以完全跟上朗读为止(这是刘博士英语学习法听说读全面突破学习法)。
【刘博士中文译文】丝绒兔子 01(又名“玩具是如何成真的”)
The Velveteen Rabbit (or How Toys Become Real)
By Margery Williams
【刘博士译文】
从前有一只丝绒兔子。起初他真是漂亮极了。他胖胖的,鼓鼓囊囊的,像只真的兔子一样。他的外套上点缀着棕色和白色的斑点,他还有真正的用丝线做的胡须,而且他的耳朵里面还有用粉色的织锦做的衬里。圣诞节的早晨,当他高高地坐在小男孩装礼物的长袜子顶端,两爪间还捧着一枝冬青时,那场面太迷人了。
袜子里还装有其他的圣诞礼物,有坚果、桔子、玩具火车、杏仁巧克力和一个上发条的玩具老鼠,但丝绒兔子绝对是最棒的。男孩可爱他了,和他玩了至少有两个小时。后来叔叔婶婶们来家里吃晚饭,接着大家又赶紧用餐巾纸擦擦手,便兴致勃勃地开始拆开礼盒寻找所有的新礼物。丝绒兔子于是被人忘记了。
有好长一段时间,丝绒兔子要么呆在玩具柜里,要么是被扔在儿童房的地上,没有谁会想起他来。他天性害羞,而且他只是用天鹅绒布做的,那些更昂贵的玩具非常看不起他。这些机械玩具很是高高在上,蔑视其他所有的玩具。他们满是现代思想,并假装他们才是真正存在的东西。有一艘船模已经在这里待了两年了,身上的大部分油漆都掉光了。这艘船模从他们那里学到了一点腔调,一有机会就会用这些科技术语来称呼船上的索具。丝绒兔子没法自称是任何东西的模型,因为他从不知道还有真正的兔子存在;他以为所有的兔子都和他一样是用锯木屑填充的。他也知道锯木屑是很过时的东西了,他是不能在这个现代社会圈子里提起这事的。即便是那只木头狮子Timothy(它是由一个受伤的老兵做成的,他应该见过更多市面的),现在也摆出架子来,假装自己和政府关系很好的样子。在他们中间,这只可怜的丝绒兔子感到自己又渺小又不起眼,而唯一对他好的玩具就是那只瘦皮马了。
这只瘦皮马在儿童房里待的时间比其他的玩具都要久。他太旧了,他那棕色外套上一些地方已经被磨光了,露出了底下的接缝;他尾巴上的毛发也多数被人拔掉用来串项链珠子了。瘦皮马是一名智者,因为他见过太多来到这里的机械玩具了。他们来的时候一个个炫耀而招摇网上课程英语成人:刘博士英语公开课29: 给成人的“童话”:丝绒兔子01,可过不了多久,它们的弹簧就折断了,然后就不见了。痩皮马知道它们只不过是玩具,是不会成为其他东西的。因为儿童房的魔力是非常怪异和神奇的,只有那些像瘦皮马那样又老又智慧、且经验丰富的玩具才能了解它的全部。
“什么是“真的”?”丝绒兔子有一天问道。玩具们现在都并排躺在儿童房的围栏边上,一会儿保姆Nana就要来整理儿童房了。丝绒兔子继续说道,“‘真的’的意思是不是指你的身体里有能响的东西,外面还有一个伸出来的把手?”
“‘真的’并不是指你是用什么做成的,”瘦皮马说道。“这是只有你自己才能感觉到的事情。当一个孩子爱你很久很久,而且不只是爱和你玩,而是‘真正地’爱你的时候,那时候你就会变成‘真的’了。”
“这会很疼吗?”丝绒兔子又问。
“有时候会疼,”瘦皮马说网上课程英语成人,因为他从不说谎,“不过当你变成‘真的’的时候,你才不在乎疼不疼呢。”
“它会是一下子就发生呢,就像是被一下弄成这个样子,”丝绒兔子又问,“还是会一点一点地发生呢?”
“这不会一下子发生的,”瘦皮马说,“你是慢慢变成的。这要花好长时间呢。所以呀,对于那些特别容易断掉,或是边角特别锋利的人(玩具,译者),或是那些得让小心保护的人(玩具,译者)呀,这种事情很难发生。一般来说,等你变成了‘真的’的时候,你的大部分毛发都因为爱抚而掉光了,你的眼睛也耷拉下来了,关节也松了,而且会是破破烂烂的。不过,这些都无所谓啦,因为一旦你成为‘真的’的时候,你是不可能很丑的,除非是那些不理解这种事的人。”
“我猜想你是‘真的’吧?”丝绒兔子说。可是一说完这话他就后悔了,因为他觉得瘦皮马也许会很敏感的。可是瘦皮马只是笑了一笑。
“小男孩的叔叔把我变成了‘真的’,”痩皮马说。“那是好多年前的事情了;不过一旦你成了‘真的’以后,你就不能再变回不真了。‘真的’永远都会是‘真的’。”
下面,我们将进入全英语的基础英语内存构建时间,请切换你的语言程序,进入纯英文模式。
The Audio Transcript:The Velveteen Rabbit (or How Toys Become Real 01)
By Margery Williams
THERE was once a velveteen rabbit, and in the beginning he was really splendid. He was fat and bunchy, as a rabbit should be; his coat was spotted brown and white, he had real thread whiskers, and his ears were lined with pink sateen. On Christmas morning, when he sat wedged in the top of the Boy’s stocking, with a sprig of holly between his paws, the effect was charming.
There were other things in the stocking, nuts and oranges and a toy engine, and chocolate almonds and a clockwork mouse, but the Rabbit was quite the best of all. For at least two hours the Boy loved him, and then Aunts and Uncles came to dinner, and there was a great rustling of tissue paper and unwrapping of parcels, and in the excitement of looking at all the new presents the Velveteen Rabbit was forgotten.
For a long time he lived in the toy cupboard or on the nursery floor, and no one thought very much about him。 He was naturally shy, and being only made of velveteen, some of the more expensive toys quite snubbed him。 The mechanical toys were very superior, and looked down upon everyone else; they were full of modern ideas, and pretended they were real。 The model boat, who had lived through two seasons and lost most of his paint, caught the tone from them and never missed an opportunity of referring to his rigging in technical terms。
The Rabbit could not claim to be a model of anything, for he didn’t know that real rabbits existed; he thought they were all stuffed with sawdust like himself, and he understood that sawdust was quite out-of-date and should never be mentioned in modern circles。 Even Timothy, the jointed wooden lion, who was made by the disabled soldiers, and should have had broader views, put on airs and pretended he was connected with Government。 Between them all the poor little Rabbit was made to feel himself very insignificant and commonplace, and the only person who was kind to him at all was the Skin Horse。
The Skin Horse had lived longer in the nursery than any of the others. He was so old that his brown coat was bald in patches and showed the seams underneath, and most of the hairs in his tail had been pulled out to string bead necklaces. He was wise, for he had seen a long succession of mechanical toys arrive to boast and swagger, and by-and-by break their mainsprings and pass away, and he knew that they were only toys, and would never turn into anything else. For nursery magic is very strange and wonderful, and only those playthings that are old and wise and experienced like the Skin Horse understand all about it.
“What is REAL?” asked the Rabbit one day, when they were lying side by side near the nursery fender, before Nana came to tidy the room. “Does it mean having things that buzz inside you and a stick-out handle?”
“Real isn’t how you are made,” said the Skin Horse. “It’s a thing that happens to you. When a child loves you for a long, long time, not just to play with, but REALLY loves you, then you become Real.”
“Does it hurt?” asked the Rabbit.
“Sometimes,” said the Skin Horse, for he was always truthful. “When you are Real you don’t mind being hurt.”
“Does it happen all at once, like being wound up,” he asked, “or bit by bit?”
“It doesn’t happen all at once,” said the Skin Horse. “You become. It takes a long time. That’s why it doesn’t happen often to people who break easily, or have sharp edges, or who have to be carefully kept. Generally, by the time you are Real, most of your hair has been loved off, and your eyes drop out and you get loose in the joints and very shabby. But these things don’t matter at all, because once you are Real you can’t be ugly, except to people who don’t understand.”
“I suppose you are real?” said the Rabbit. And then he wished he had not said it, for he thought the Skin Horse might be sensitive. But the Skin Horse only smiled.
“The Boy’s Uncle made me Real,” he said. “That was a great many years ago; but once you are Real you can’t become unreal again. It lasts for always.”
(To Be Continued.)